Elinor Ostrom was awarded the 2009 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for demonstrating this concept in her book Governing the Commons, which included examples of how local communities were able to do this without top-down regulations or privatization. Īlthough open-access resource systems may collapse due to overuse (such as in overfishing), many examples have existed and still do exist where members of a community with regulated access to a common resource co-operate to exploit those resources prudently without collapse, or even creating "perfect order". Ĭritical scholars note that although taken as a hypothetical example by Lloyd, the historical demise of the commons of Britain and Europe resulted not from misuse of long-held rights of usage by the commoners, but from the commons' owners enclosing and appropriating the land, abrogating the commoners' rights. Īs a result of discussions carried out in the decade after publication, Hardin in a talk in the early 80s suggested a better wording of the central idea: "Under conditions of overpopulation, freedom in an unmanaged commons brings ruin to all." In 1991, faced with evidence of historical and existing commons, Hardin retracted his original thesis and wrote "The Tragedy of the 'Unmanaged' Commons". As a punch-line in the article he writes that a freedom to breed is intolerable. The availability of resources and the amount of people depending on it should therefore be kept in balance. Hardin, who wrote a total of 350 articles and 27 books, describes in this early essay that common use will only work reasonably satisfactorily as long as the number of man and beast stay well below the carrying capacity of the land. It became one of the most cited academic papers ever published and also one of the most heavily criticized, particularly by anthropologists and historians. The theory became widely known as the "tragedy of the commons" after an essay with this title was published in Science written by Garrett Hardin in 1968. Men pay most attention to what is their own: they care less for what is common." In embryonic form the idea can also be found at Aristotle: "That which is common to the greatest number gets the least amount of care. Ĭentral element of the concept originated in an essay written in 1833 by the British economist William Forster Lloyd, who used a hypothetical example of the effects of unregulated grazing on common land, also known as "the commons" (in Anglo-Saxon law) in Great Britain and Ireland. In economics and in an ecological context, the tragedy of the commons is a situation in which individual users, who have open access to a resource unhampered by shared social structures, formal rules, charges, fees, or taxes that regulate access and use, act independently according to their own self-interest and, contrary to the common good of all users, cause depletion of the resource through their uncoordinated action in the case that there are too many users related to the available resources. Industrial pollution is one of the consequences of operators ignoring their effect on the shared environment.
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A complete edition of her songs appeared in 1990 and there are numerous recordings.ĭas ist ein Tag, der klingen mag (Op. Perhaps more than any other woman composer, Clara Schumann is established in the song repertoire. For instance, her favoured song poets, Heinrich Heine, Emanuel Geibel, and Friedrich Rückert, were all important contemporaries whose verses were frequently set. Her ‘Geheimes Flüstern’ from op.23 is one of the finest 19th-century Lieder ever composed.Ĭlara Schumann’s taste in song poetry heavily overlapped with that of her husband and many other contemporaries. Formally, she was innovative, experimenting with phrase lengths and layers of texture. Her melodies often display great elegance alongside an innate understanding of the voice. Her accompaniment textures are varied and can be virtuosic, such as in ‘Walzer’ and the magnificent ‘Loreley’. Although not numerous, her Lieder are expressive and powerful contributions to the genre, ranging from lyric to dramatic in style. These were followed by four songs, three of which were incorporated in a joint collection (published as Robert Schumann’s op.37 and her op.12) and several independent opuses. She eventually settled in Frankfurt.Ĭlara Schumann gave three songs (‘Am Strande’, ‘Volkslied’, and ‘Ich stand in dunkeln Träumen’) to her husband on their first Christmas together. After Robert’s death in 1856, she threw herself back into her performing career for several reasons: firstly, her own playing was largely stifled during her marriage secondly, she could reliably generate much-needed income and finally, she could most effectively establish her husband’s legacy. During sixteen years of marriage, she bore eight children while also being pressed into Robert’s service, preparing keyboard arrangements of orchestral works, playing for rehearsals and much else. However, she struggled with the pressure to be a perfect housewife and mother. After strong opposition from her father, they married in 1840 and embarked on a period of musical and literary study which transformed her style. Her relationship with Robert Schumann signalled a turning point. In the use of bold harmonies, adventurous modulations, and rhythmic freedom, her compositions share qualities with her contemporaries from the new Romantic school such as Robert Schumann, Felix and Fanny Mendelssohn, and Frederic Chopin. She gave her first performance at the Gewandhaus when she was nine years old.Ĭlara Schumann typically incorporated her own compositions into her concerts throughout the 1830s. Friedrich Wieck gave his daughter an exceptional musical education, including taking her to every important concert, opera, and drama in her native Leipzig, and training her in the complex business arrangements of a musical career. The marriage collapsed when Clara was a child, and only as an adult could she re-establish a relationship with her mother. Her mother Mariane Tromlitz was a professional-standard pianist. She also transformed the reputation of her initially unsuccessful husband Robert Schumann through her determined championing.Īs a girl, Clara Wieck was taught by her father Friedrich. Apart from being a tremendously successful pianist and pedagogue, she wrote numerous songs alongside other works in various genres. Clara Schumann (1819-96) née Wieck is one of the most significant women in musical history. Windows OS (so far as the image has been loaded completely :-)) - 2 GB of RAM is necessary in Images with the size up to nearly 1.6 GByte can be explored in real time on 32-bit.(*.bmp), raw binary arrays, ASCII-coded images. 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I think the best way to explain, is to show you how mine shaped up. While it only shows your most listened to artists, rather than most listened to songs as well, they present it as your ultimate festival line-up, tailored to everyone’s listening habits, based on time frames of a month, six months and all time. Upon seeing that quite a few of you were still clicking my Visualify link and reading the posts, I thought I’d share the alternative I’ve found, for the alternative I had.įestify basically has the same premise as Visualify, however, they’ve put a fun little twist on it. Google Chrome, Firefox or Safari are really good choices. New Rap Artists, Music Videos, Music Advice Hip Hop Push: Get Access: New Rap Songs, Music Videos, Hip Hop News Rap Basement: Get Access: New York Hip-Hop: Music, News, Events - Birthplace Magazine: Get Access: NHDub Hip-Hop from your town and the best from around the world. Unfortunately, the Visualify website has been down for a few months now. Oh, no Unsupported Browser Seems like you're using an unsupported browser. It was a great alternative compared to waiting until the end of the year for your Spotify Wrapped. Recently I was looking at my stats, and saw that a lot of people were still reading the posts I did about Visualify, a website that gave you visual rundown of the music you listened to on Spotify, within much smaller time frames. Today’s post is an interesting one, pretty fun actually. |
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